Weitzel, N, Andres, H, Baudouin, JP, Kapsch, ML, Mikolajewicz, U, Jonkers, L, Bothe, O, Ziegler, E, Kleinen, T, Paul, A and Rehfeld, K (2024) Towards spatio-temporal comparison of simulated and reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the last deglaciation. Climate of the Past, 20(4). 865-890. doi:10.5194/cp-20-865-2024
Jonkers, L, Laepple, T, Rillo, MC, Shi, X, Dolman, AM, Lohmann, G, Paul, A, Mix, A and Kucera, M (2023) Strong temperature gradients in the ice age North Atlantic Ocean revealed by plankton biogeography. Nature Geoscience, 16(12). 1114-1119. doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01328-7
Cauquoin, A, Abe-Ouchi, A, Obase, T, Chan, WL, Paul, A and Werner, M (2023) Effects of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sea surface temperature and sea ice extent on the isotope–temperature slope at polar ice core sites. Climate of the Past, 19(6). 1275-1294. doi:10.5194/cp-19-1275-2023
Kurahashi-Nakamura, T, Paul, A, Merkel, U and Schulz, M (2022) Glacial state of the global carbon cycle: time-slice simulations for the last glacial maximum with an Earth-system model. Climate of the Past, 18(9). 1997-2019. doi:10.5194/cp-18-1997-2022
Purkiani, K, Haeckel, M, Haalboom, S, Schmidt, K, Urban, P, Gazis, IZ, de Stigter, H, Paul, A, Walter, M and Vink, A (2022) Impact of a long-lived anticyclonic mesoscale eddy on seawater anomalies in the northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean: a composite analysis from hydrographic measurements, sea level altimetry data, and reanalysis model products. Ocean Science, 18(4). 1163-1181. doi:10.5194/os-18-1163-2022
Mulitza, S, Bickert, T, Bostock, HC, Chiessi, CM, Donner, B, Govin, A, Harada, N, Huang, E, Johnstone, HJH, Kuhnert, H, Langner, M, Lamy, F, Lembke-Jene, L, Lisiecki, LE, Lynch-Stieglitz, J, Max, L, Mohtadi, M, Mollenhauer, G, Muglia, J, Nürnberg, D, Paul, A, Rühlemann, C, Repschläger, J, Saraswat, R, Schmittner, A, Sikes, EL, Spielhagen, RF and Tiedemann, R (2022) World atlas of late quaternary foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotope ratios. Earth System Science Data, 14(6). 2553-2611. doi:10.5194/essd-14-2553-2022
Purkiani, K, Gillard, B, Paul, A, Haeckel, M, Haalboom, S, Greinert, J, de Stigter, H, Hollstein, M, Baeye, M, Vink, A, Thomsen, L and Schulz, M (2021) Numerical simulation of deep-sea sediment transport induced by a dredge experiment in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.719463
Tharammal, T, Bala, G, Paul, A, Noone, D, Contreras-Rosales, A and Thirumalai, K (2021) Orbitally driven evolution of Asian monsoon and stable water isotope ratios during the Holocene: Isotope-enabled climate model simulations and proxy data comparisons. Quaternary Science Reviews, 252. 106743. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106743
Kageyama, M, Harrison, SP, Kapsch, ML, Lofverstrom, M, Lora, JM, Mikolajewicz, U, Sherriff-Tadano, S, Vadsaria, T, Abe-Ouchi, A, Bouttes, N, Chandan, D, Gregoire, LJ, Ivanovic, RF, Izumi, K, LeGrande, AN, Lhardy, F, Lohmann, G, Morozova, PA, Ohgaito, R, Paul, A, Peltier, WR, Poulsen, CJ, Quiquet, A, Roche, DM, Shi, X, Tierney, JE, Valdes, PJ, Volodin, E and Zhu, J (2021) The PMIP4 Last Glacial Maximum experiments: preliminary results and comparison with the PMIP3 simulations. Climate of the Past, 17(3). 1065-1089. doi:10.5194/cp-17-1065-2021
Paul, A, Mulitza, S, Stein, R and Werner, M (2021) A global climatology of the ocean surface during the Last Glacial Maximum mapped on a regular grid (GLOMAP). Climate of the Past, 17(2). 805-824. doi:10.5194/cp-17-805-2021
Kurahashi-Nakamura, T, Paul, A, Munhoven, G, Merkel, U and Schulz, M (2020) Coupling of a sediment diagenesis model (MEDUSA) and an Earth system model (CESM1.2): a contribution toward enhanced marine biogeochemical modelling and long-term climate simulations. Geoscientific Model Development, 13(2). 825-840. doi:10.5194/gmd-13-825-2020
Purkiani, K, Paul, A, Vink, A, Walter, M, Schulz, M and Haeckel, M (2020) Evidence of eddy-related deep-ocean current variability in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean induced by remote gap winds. Biogeosciences, 17(24). 6527-6544. doi:10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020
Völpel, R, Mulitza, S, Paul, A, Lynch-Stieglitz, J and Schulz, M (2019) Water mass versus sea level effects on benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios in the Atlantic Ocean during the LGM. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34(1). 98-121. doi:10.1029/2018PA003359 
Campos, MC, Chiessi, CM, Prange, M, Mulitza, S, Kuhnert, H, Paul, A, Venancio, IM, Albuquerque, ALS, Cruz, FW and Bahr, A (2019) A new mechanism for millennial scale positive precipitation anomalies over tropical South America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 225. 105990. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105990
García-Pintado, J and Paul, A (2018) Evaluation of iterative Kalman smoother schemes for multi-decadal past climate analysis with comprehensive Earth system models. Geoscientific Model Development, 11(12). 5051-5084. doi:10.5194/gmd-11-5051-2018
Breitkreuz, C, Paul, A, Kurahashi-Nakamura, T, Losch, M and Schulz, M (2018) A dynamical reconstruction of the global monthly mean oxygen isotopic composition of seawater. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. doi:10.1029/2018JC014300
Portilho-Ramos, RC, Chiessi, CM, Zhang, Y, Mulitza, S, Kucera, M, Siccha, M, Prange, M and Paul, A (2017) Coupling of equatorial Atlantic surface stratification to glacial shifts in the tropical rainbelt. Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01629-z
Erokhina, O, Rogozhina, I, Prange, M, Bakker, P, Bernales, J, Paul, A and Schulz, M (2017) Dependence of slope lapse rate over the Greenland ice sheet on background climate. Journal of Glaciology, 63(239). 568-572. doi:10.1017/jog.2017.10
Kurahashi-Nakamura, T, Paul, A and Losch, M (2017) Dynamical reconstruction of the global ocean state during the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography, 32(4). 326-350. doi:10.1002/2016PA003001
Gronholz, A, Gräwe, U, Paul, A and Schulz, M (2017) Investigating the effects of a summer storm on the North Sea stratification using a regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Ocean Dynamics, 67(2). 211-235. doi:10.1007/s10236-016-1023-2
Völpel, R, Paul, A, Krandick, A, Mulitza, S and Schulz, M (2017) Stable water isotopes in the MITgcm. Geoscientific Model Development, 10(8). 3125-3144. doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3125-2017
Mulitza, S, Chiessi, CM, Schefuß, E, Lippold, J, Wichmann, D, Antz, B, Mackensen, A, Paul, A, Prange, M, Rehfeld, K, Werner, M, Bickert, T, Frank, N, Kuhnert, H, Lynch-Stieglitz, J, Portilho-Ramos, RC, Sawakuchi, AO, Schulz, M, Schwenk, T, Tiedemann, R, Vahlenkamp, M and Zhang, Y (2017) Synchronous and proportional deglacial changes in Atlantic meridional overturning and northeast Brazilian precipitation. Paleoceanography, 32(6). 622-633. doi:10.1002/2017PA003084
Kurahashi-Nakamura, T, Losch, M and Paul, A (2014) Can sparse proxy data constrain the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation? Geoscientific Model Development, 7(1). 419-432. doi:10.5194/gmd-7-419-2014
Waelbroeck, C, Kiefer, T, Dokken, T, Chen, MT, Spero, HJ, Jung, S, Weinelt, M, Kucera, M and Paul, A (2014) Constraints on surface seawater oxygen isotope change between the Last Glacial Maximum and the Late Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews, 105. 102-111. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.020
Contreras-Rosales, LA, Jennerjahn, TC, Tharammal, T, Meyer, V, Lückge, A, Paul, A and Schefuß, E (2014) Evolution of the Indian Summer Monsoon and terrestrial vegetation in the Bengal region during the past 18 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews, 102. 133-148. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.08.010
Collins, JA, Schefuß, E, Mulitza, S, Prange, M, Werner, M, Tharammal, T, Paul, A and Wefer, G (2013) Estimating the hydrogen isotopic composition of past precipitation using leaf-waxes from western Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 65. 88-101. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.007
Tharammal, T, Paul, A, Merkel, U and Noone, D (2013) Influence of Last Glacial Maximum boundary conditions on the global water isotope distribution in an atmospheric general circulation model. Climate of the Past, 9(2). 789-809. doi:10.5194/cp-9-789-2013
Hargreaves, JC, Annan, JD, Ohgaito, R, Paul, A and Abe-Ouchi, A (2013) Skill and reliability of climate model ensembles at the Last Glacial Maximum and mid-Holocene. Climate of the Past, 9(2). 811-823. doi:10.5194/cp-9-811-2013
Handiani, DN, Paul, A, Prange, M, Merkel, U, Dupont, LM and Zhang, X (2013) Tropical vegetation response to Heinrich Event 1 as simulated with the UVic ESCM and CCSM3. Climate of the Past, 9(4). 1683-1696. doi:10.5194/cp-9-1683-2013
Heslop, D and Paul, A (2012) Fingerprinting of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in climate models to aid in the design of proxy investigations. Climate Dynamics, 38(5-6). 1047-1064. doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1042-0
Hessler, I, Dupont, LM, Handiani, DN, Paul, A, Merkel, U and Wefer, G (2012) Masked millennial-scale climate variations in South West Africa during the last glaciation. Climate of the Past, 8(2). 841-853. doi:10.5194/cp-8-841-2012
Huang, E, Mulitza, S, Paul, A, Groeneveld, J, Steinke, S and Schulz, M (2012) Response of eastern tropical Atlantic central waters to Atlantic meridional overturning circulation changes during the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1. Paleoceanography, 27. doi:10.1029/2012PA002294
Handiani, DN, Paul, A and Dupont, LM (2012) Tropical climate and vegetation changes during Heinrich Event 1: a model-data comparison. Climate of the Past, 8(1). 37-57. doi:10.5194/cp-8-37-2012
Hargreaves, JC, Paul, A, Ohgaito, R, Abe-Ouchi, A and Annan, JD (2011) Are paleoclimate model ensembles consistent with the MARGO data synthesis? Climate of the Past, 7. 917-933. doi:10.5194/cp-7-917-2011
Heslop, D and Paul, A (2011) Can oceanic paleothermometers reconstruct the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation? Climate of the Past, 7. 151-159. doi:10.5194/cp-7-151-2011
Morley, AMV, Schulz, M, Rosenthal, Y, Mulitza, S, Paul, A and Rühlemann, C (2011) Solar modulation of North Atlantic central water formation at multidecadal timescales during the late Holocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 308. 161-171. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.043
Giraud, X and Paul, A (2010) Interpretation of the paleo-primary production record in the NW African coastal upwelling system as potentially biased by sea level change. Paleoceanography, 25. PA4224. doi:10.1029/2009PA001795
Kageyama, M, Paul, A, Roche, DM and Van Meerbeeck, CJ (2010) Modelling glacial climatic millennial-scale variability related to changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(21-22). 2931-2956. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.029
Bamberg, A, Rosenthal, Y, Paul, A, Heslop, D, Mulitza, S, Rühlemann, C and Schulz, M (2010) Reduced North Atlantic Central Water formation in response to early Holocene ice-sheet melting. Geophysical Research Letters, 37. L17705. doi:10.1029/2010GL043878
Langebroek, PM, Paul, A and Schulz, M (2010) Simulating the sea lvel imprint on marine oxygen isotope records during the Middle Miocene using an ice sheet-climate model. Paleoceanography, 25. PA4203. doi:10.1029/2008PA001704
Narayan, N, Paul, A, Mulitza, S and Schulz, M (2010) Trends in coastal upwelling intensity during the late 20th century. Ocean Science, 6. 815-823. doi:10.5194/os-6-815-2010
Dupont, LM, Schlütz, F, Teboh Ewah, C, Jennerjahn, TC, Paul, A and Behling, H (2010) Two-step vegetation response to enhanced precipitation in Northeast Brazil during Heinrich event 1. Global Change Biology, 16(6). 1647-1660. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02023.x
Langebroek, PM, Paul, A and Schulz, M (2009) Antarctic ice-sheet response to atmospheric CO2 and insolation in the Middle Miocene. Climate of the Past, 5(4). 633-646. doi:10.5194/cp-5-633-2009
Paul, A and Mulitza, S (2009) Challenges to Understanding Ocean Circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 90(19). doi:10.1029/2009EO190004
MARGO Project Members, Waelbroeck, C, Paul, A, Kucera, M, Rosell-Melé, A, Weinelt, M, Schneider, RR, Mix, AC, Abelmann, A, Armand, LK, Bard, E, Barker, S, Barrows, TT, Benway, HM, Cacho Lascorz, I, Chen, MT, Cortijo, E, Crosta, X, de Vernal, A, Dokken, T, Duprat, J, Elderfield, H, Eynaud, F, Gersonde, R, Hayes, A, Henry, M, Hillaire-Marcel, C, Huang, CC, Jansen, E, Juggins, S, Kallel, N, Kiefer, T, Kienast, M, Labeyrie, LD, Leclaire, H, Londeix, L, Mangin, S, Matthiessen, J, Marret, F, Meland, MY, Morey, AE, Mulitza, S, Pflaumann, U, Pisias, NG, Radi, T, Rochon, A, Rohling, EJ, Sbaffi, L, Schäfer-Neth, C, Solignac, S, Spero, H, Tachikawa, K and Turon, JL (2009) Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature Geoscience, 2(2). 127-132. doi:10.1038/ngeo411
Fraile, I, Schulz, M, Mulitza, S, Merkel, U, Prange, M and Paul, A (2009) Modeling the seasonal distribution of planktonic foraminifera during the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography, 24. PA2216. doi:10.1029/2008PA001686
Otto-Bliesner, BL, Schneider, RR, Brady, EC, Kucera, M, Abe-Ouchi, A, Bard, E, Braconnot, P, Crucifix, M, Hewitt, CD, Kageyama, M, Marti, O, Paul, A, Rosell-Melé, A, Waelbroeck, C, Weber, SL, Weinelt, M and Yu, Y (2009) A comparison of PMIP2 model simulations and the MARGO proxy reconstruction for tropical sea surface temperatures at last glacial maximum. Climate Dynamics, 32. 799-815. doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0509-0
Franke, J, Schulz, M, Paul, A and Adkins, J (2008) Assessing the ability of the 14C projection-age method to constrain the circulation of the past in a 3-D ocean model. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 9. Q08003. doi:10.1029/2008GC001943
Franke, J, Paul, A and Schulz, M (2008) Modeling variations of marine reservoir ages during the last 45 000 years. Climate of the Past, 4. 125-136. doi:10.5194/cp-4-125-2008
Chiessi, CM, Mulitza, S, Paul, A, Pätzold, J, Groeneveld, J and Wefer, G (2008) South Atlantic interocean exchange as the trigger for the Bølling warm event. Geology, 36(12). 919-922. doi:10.1130/G24979A.1
Huhn, K, Paul, A and Seyferth, M (2007) Modeling sediment transport patterns during an upwelling event. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 112. C10003. doi:10.1029/2005JC003107
Mulitza, S, Paul, A and Wefer, G (2006) Late Pleistocene paleoceanographic records of the South Atlantic Ocean. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Elsevier. 1816-1831.
Sima, A, Paul, A, Schulz, M and Oerlemans, J (2006) Modeling the oxygen-isotopic composition of the North American Ice Sheet and its effect on the oxygen-isotopic composition of the ocean during the last glacial cycle. Geophysical Research Letters, 33. L15706. doi:10.1029/2006GL026923
Schäfer-Neth, C, Paul, A and Mulitza, S (2005) Perspectives on mapping the MARGO reconstructions by variogram analysis/kriging and objective analysis. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24(7-9). 1083-1093. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.017
Schulz, M, Paul, A and Timmermann, A (2004) Glacial-Interglacial Contrast in Climate Variability at Centennial-to-Millennial Timescales: Observations and Conceptual Model. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23(20-22). 2219-2230. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.014
Rühlemann, C, Mulitza, S, Lohmann, G, Paul, A, Prange, M and Wefer, G (2004) Intermediate depth warming in the tropical Atlantic related to weakened thermohaline circulation: Combining paleoclimate and modeling data for the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography, 19. PA1025. doi:10.1029/2003PA000948
Schulz, M and Paul, A (2004) Sensitivity of the ocean-atmosphere carbon cycle to ice-covered and ice-free conditions in the Nordic Seas during the Last Glacial Maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 207(1-2). 127-141. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.005
Sima, A, Paul, A and Schulz, M (2004) The Younger Dryas - an intrinsic feature of late Pleistocene climate change at millennial timescales. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222(3-4). 741-750. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.026
Paul, A and Schäfer-Neth, C (2003) Glacial water masses in a global ocean model. Paleoceanography, 18(3). 1058. doi:10.1029/2002PA000783
Prange, M, Lohmann, G and Paul, A (2003) Influence of vertical mixing on the thermohaline hysteresis: analyses of an OGCM. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33(8). 1707-1721. doi:10.1175/2389.1
Winter, A, Paul, A, Nyberg, J, Oba, T, Lundberg, J, Schrag, DP and Taggart, B (2003) Orbital control of low-latitude seasonality during the Ecemian. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(4). 1163. doi:10.1029/2002GL016275
Mulitza, S, Boltovskoy, D, Donner, B, Meggers, H, Paul, A and Wefer, G (2003) Temperature: d18O relationships of planktic foraminifera collected from surface waters. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 202(1-2). 143-152. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00633-3
Schulz, M, Paul, A and Timmermann, A (2002) Relaxation oscillators in concert: A framework for climate change at millennial timescales during the late Pleistocene. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(24). 2193. doi:10.1029/2002GL016144
Marchal, O, Jackson, C, Nilsson, J, Paul, A and Stocker, TF (2007) Buoyancy-Driven Flow and Nature of Vertical Mixing in a Zonally Averaged Model. In: Schmittner, A, Chiang, JCH and Hemming, SR (eds.) Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and impacts. Geophysical Monograph Series, 173. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., 33-52. doi:10.1029/173GM05
Schäfer-Neth, C and Paul, A (2004) The Atlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum: 1. Objective mapping of the GLAMAP sea-surface conditions. In: Wefer, G, Mulitza, S and Ratmeyer, V (eds.) The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems. In: Wefer, G; Mulitza, S & Ratmeyer, V (eds.), The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 531-548. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18917-3_23
Matthies, M, Bickert, T and Paul, A (2004) Last Glacial d13C Distribution and Deep-Sea Circulation in the Atlantic Ocean: A Model - Data Comparison. In: Wefer, G, Mulitza, S and Ratmeyer, V (eds.) The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 695-722.
Mulitza, S, Donner, B, Fischer, G, Paul, A, Pätzold, J, Rühlemann, C and Segl, M (2004) The South Atlantic oxygen isotope record of planctic foraminifera. In: Wefer, G, Mulitza, S and Ratmeyer, V (eds.) The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary. Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 121-142.
Paul, A and Schäfer-Neth, C (2003) The Atlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum: 2. Reconstructing the current systems with a global ocean model. In: Wefer, G, Mulitza, S and Ratmeyer, V (eds.) The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 549-583. doi:10.1007/BF00286206
Paul, A and Schulz, M (2002) Holocene climate variability on centennial-to-millennial time scales: 2. Internal feedbacks and external forcings as possible causes. In: Wefer, G, Berger, WH, Behre, KE and Jansen, E (eds.) Climate development and history of the North Atlantic Realm. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 55-73.
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